A food bolus obstructing the oesophagus in a patient with infantile cerebral palsy

Introduction: A foreign body (FB) in the upper aerodigestive tract is a fairly common encounter.Fish bones are the commonest FB seen in adults. The commonest presentation is odynophagia.Usually, the patient will point at the level of FB on the neck to indicate the location.Methods: Clinical report.Results: This case report describes a large FB in an adult with underlying infantile cerebral palsy.Besides dysphagia, it was associated with drooling of saliva and pain in the throat region.Conclusion: FB ingestion with complete obstruction of the oesophagus is an emergency. It maycause total dysphagia as the passage of food is completely blocked.

Metallic hair pin aspiration into the left tertiary bronchus

Foreign body aspiration is commonly described in infants and children. However, recently, a newhigh-risk group was identified among young women, especially those from the Muslim populationwho wear the traditional hair scarf. This is due to the habit of holding the scarf pin in between thelips to free hands to adjust the scarf more easily. Talking, laughing, or coughing while fixing thescarf may result in inadvertent inhalation of the pin into the tracheobronchial tree. We present acase of scarf pin inhalation and the challenges encountered in managing this patient during thesuccessful removal of the pin via flexible bronchoscopy under fluoroscopy guidance. This particularcase was technically challenging for us as the sharp tip of the needle was pointing upward andpiercing the bronchial mucosa.

Epidermal growth factor receptor [egfr] immunohistochemical expression in gastric carcinoma

Background: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Gastric cancer is a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide

Objective: To estimate the immunohistochemical expression of epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] in the gastric cancer in relation to other parameters like grade and stage

Methods: Formaline fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from 51 patients [29 male and 22 female] with gastric carcinoma were included in this study. Ten biopsies of normal gastric tissue were selected as a control group. Envision [DAKO] technique was applied to study the immunohistochem- ical expression of EGFR in paraffin embedded sections of gastric cancer

Results: Positive immunohistochemical expression of EGFR was seen in 41.2% of cases as both membranous and cytoplasmic brown staining while there was negative staining in the normal control group [p<0.05]. EGFR immunoexpression was correlated with the histological type [more in the intestinal variant than the diffuse type] [p<0.0.5]

Conclusion: These findings provides further evidence for the role of EGFR in the tumorgenensis of gastric cancer. However, EGFR could not be well correlated with stage of tumor and hence may be poor prognostic parameters of the state of malignancy

Spinal anesthesia causing hearing loss: are we aware.

Sensorineural hearing loss can be attributed to many factors. Acoustic trauma, noisy environment, genetic syndromes, inner ear infection and tumors are the known wellestablished causes. Some of them are treatable but many of those are nonreversible. Recent literatures have shown some data that suggest this type of hearing loss also occurring post anesthesia, particularly in spinal anesthesia cases. Others claim that this hearing loss is temporary and clinically not significant.

Detection of human papilloma virus in iraqi patients with breast cancer

It is well realized that breast cancer is the most terrifying cancer for females, the commonest malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Recent studies suggested that the association of viral infection with breast cancer pathogenesis such as Epstein Barr virus and mouse mammary tumor virus. In addition, human papilloma virus DNA sequences have been isolated. There is relationship between human papilloma virus and other neoplasms [anogenital, skin and 99.7% of cervicouterine carcinomas]. This study has been undertaken for detecting high risk group HPV genotypes in breast carcinoma in different provinces in Iraq depending on molecular technique. A total of 59 patients include both sexes [male and female] diagnosed histopathologically as having breast cancer were included and studied during the period from January to August, 2010 in different regions in Iraq. In addition to 20 cases of benign breast lesion used as a control group. Theses samples were represented by formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks and fresh frozen tissue. A multiplex PCR analysis were done for the DNA extracted from these samples. The mean age in this study was 45.5 years. Ninety three percentage were female and the remaining were male. Fourty percentage of tumor present in the right side, 59.3% removed by lumpectomy. Eighty six percentage were found to have infiltrating ductal carcinoma followed by infiltrating lobular carcinoma [13.8%]. Twelve HPV genotypes were used in this study which of high risk group including [16,13,33,35,18,45,39,59,52,56,58 and 66]. HPV type 39,59 and 52 were demonstrated among those patients and the result show about 16.9% of our patients [10 out of 59] had positive HPV demonstrated by PCR in their breast tissue and 83.1% [49 out of 59] were negative for HPV. All the benign breast cases were negative for HPV except one case of fibrocystic disease which was positive for HPV type 39 which was not significant [p value 0.05]. The study concluded that high risk group Human Papiloma virus genotypes 39, 59 and 52 genotype were present in breast cancer tissue in Iraqi patients

Presencia de Cryptococcus neoformans en excretas de palomas urbanas en San Miguel de Tucumán - Argentina / Presence of Cryptococcus neoformans in urban pigeons excreta from San Miguel de Tucumán – Argentina

Con la finalidad de detectar la presencia del complejo Cryptococcus neoformans en excretas de palomas (Columba livia) que habitan los espacios públicos del perímetro urbano de San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, se recogieron 100 muestras de 5 localizaciones diferentes. Como medio de aislamiento se empleó Agar-Semillas de Níger y las levaduras fueron identificadas mediante la presencia de cápsula, prueba de la ureasa, producción de fenol-oxidasa, asimilación de carbohidratos y crecimiento a 37°C. La especie fue determinada usando el medio Canavanina-Glicina-Azulde bromotimol. C. neoformans var. neoformans fue aislado en todas las 55 muestras de las áreas estudiadas, reflejando una amplia distribución en la zona céntrica de la ciudad preferentemente en excretas secas acumuladas. La sensibilidad in vitro frente a Fluconazol, Itraconazol, Anfotericina B y Voriconazol fue determinada por el método de difusión en placa usando tabletas Neo-Sensitabs. Todos los aislamientos fueron sensibles a los antifúngicos testeados.

With the purpose of detecting the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans complex in excreta of pigeons inhabitating public spaces belonging to the urban perimeter of San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, one hundred samples were collected from five different locations. Niger seed agar plates were used as means of isolation and yeasts were identified through the presence of capsule, urease test, fenoloxidase production, carbohydrate assimilation and growth at 37ºC. Species was determined with the CGB method. C. neoformans var. neoformans was isolated in all 55 samples of the studied areas showing a wide distribution downtown, mainly in dried excreta settlings. In vitro sensibility in front of Fluconazol, Itraconazol, Anfotericina B and Voriconazol was fixed by means of the diffusion method by using Neo-Sensitabs tablet. All isolations proved to be sensible to the tested antifungal.

Aislamiento de Cryptococcus neoformans desde madera en descomposición de Jacaranda mimosifolia y Enterolobium contortisiliquum / Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from decomposition wood of Jacaranda mimosifolia and Enterolobium contortisiliquum

El complejo de levaduras patógenas capsuladas Cryptococcus neoformans comprende 2 especies: C. neoformans y sus 2 variedades y C. gattii, que en añosrecientes fueron halladas en cavidades de troncos de árboles nativos o introducidos. Tales hábitats son potenciales fuentes de infección que deben estudiarse debido a la emergencia de la cryptococcosis en humanos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue detectar la presenciadel complejo C. neoformans en árboles vivos de 5 espacios públicos de Tucumán. Mediante hisopado, se recogieron 150 muestras que se inocularon en placas de Agar semillasde Niger, incubadas a 25°C durante 5 días. Solo 2 muestras resultaron positivas para C. neoformans con colonias fenoloxidasa positivas, presencia de cápsula con tinta china, termotolerancia a 37°C, ureasa positiva, sensibilidad a cicloheximida a 25 y 37ºC y aplicando el método comercial API 20 C Aux. Para identificar especies se utilizó el medio CGB. Se detecta por primera vez en Tucumán, la presencia de esta levadura en los troncos de dos árboles autóctonos de nuestra provincia (Jacaranda mimosifolia y Enterolobium contortisiliquum).

The pathogenic capsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans complex includes 2 species: C.neoformans and C.gatti, which in recent years were found in the cavities of trunks from native or introduced trees. Such habitat become potential sources of infection that should be examined due to the emergence of cryptococcosis in human beings. The purpose of the present paper was to detect the presence of the C.neoformans complex in alive trees selected from 5 public places in Tucumán. One hundred fifty samples collected by sprinkling were inoculated in Agar-Niger seed plates, incubated at 25ºC for 5 days. Only 2 samples yielded positive for C.neoformans together with fenoloxidase positive colonies, presence of capsule with Chinese ink, thermotolerance at 37ºC, positive ureasa, sensitivity to cicloheximide at 25ºC and 37ºC and applying the API 20C commercial method. To identify species, medium CGB was used. The presence of this yeast is detected for the first time in trunks from two native trees in our province of Tucumán (Jacaranda mimosifolia and Enterolobium contortisiliquum).

Dermatofitias en niños: revisión retrospectiva de 487 casos en Tucumán-Argentina / Dermatophytoses in children: retrospective revision of 487 cases in Tucumán-Argentina

Los hongos dermatofitos son los agentes causales más frecuentes de micosis . No obstante, la prevalencia de los agentes causales varía en las regiones geográficas, las características demográficas de la población estudiada y la metodología de laboratorio. A fin de determinar la frecuencia de dermatofitos en niños de Tucumán (R. Argentina), se presentan los resultados de una revisión retrospectiva de 9 años (2000-2008) de los protocolos médicos de 712 niños de 0 a 14 años de edad, (413 varones y 299 mujeres), con diagnóstico clínico de micosis en piel, uñas, pelos y cuero cabelludo evaluados en el Hospital del Niño Jesús. Las tineas fueron diagnosticadas en 487 pacientes (68,4 por ciento), predominando en el género masculino. La distribución de los hongos aislados fue: M. canis (78,4 por ciento), T. mentagrophytes (6,4 por ciento), T. rubrum (6,2 por ciento),T. tonsurans (4,5 por ciento), M. gypseum (3,9 por ciento), T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (0,4 por ciento) y E. floccosum (0,2 por ciento). Coincidentemente con trabajos previos realizados en nuestra provincia, la tinea capitis es la afección predominante y M. canis sigue siendo su principal agente patógeno más frecuente (93,8 por ciento). La alta proporción de aislamientos de M. canis, indica claramente que las especies zoofílicas son las más prevalentes en nuestra área. El grupo etario de mayor incidencia fue el de 0 a 3 años seguido del grupo de 4 a 6 años de edad.

Dermatophyte fungi are the most frequent agents causing mycosis. However prevalence of the causing agents varies with the geographic regions, demographic characteristics of the studied population and with the laboratory methodology. In order to determine the incidence of Dermatophytes in chidren of Tucumán (R. Argentina), results of a 9-year retrospective revision (2000-2008) of the medical protocols of 712 children of 0 to 14 years of age (413 men and 299 women) diagnosed with mycosis in hair, scalp, skin and nails are reported and who had been evaluated in the Hospital del Niño Jesús. Tinea were diagnosed in 487 patients (68.4 percent), prevailing in the masculine genus. The distribution of isolated fungi was: M.canis, (78.4 percent), T.mentagrophytes (6.4 percent), T.rubrum (6.2 percent), T tonsurans (4.5 percent), M.gypseum (3.9 percent), T.mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (0.4 percent) and E.floccosum (0.2 percent). Coincidently with previous studies accomplished in our province, tinea capitis is the prevailing affection while M.canis continues being its main and most frequent pathogenic agent (93.8 percent). The high number of M.canis isolations show clearly that zoophilic species are the most prevalent in our area. Children aged 0 to 3 year exhibited the highest prevalence followed by those of 4 to 6 year.

Aspergilosis sinusal no invasiva por Aspergillus parasiticus en niño inmunocomprometido / Non invasive sinusal aspergillosis by Aspergillus parasiticus in an immunecompromised child

El presente trabajo tiene la finalidad de exponer un caso clínico de un niño inmunosuprimido con antecedentes de hospitalización previa, a los 6 años de edad con múltiples síntomas y signos (poliadenopatías, desnutrición, sepsis en cavidad bucal y foco pulmonar, además de pancitopenia). Permaneció en terapia intermedia durante 38 días, cumpliendo varios esquemas antibióticos sin buena respuesta a los mismos. Fue derivado al Hospital Ricardo Gutiérrez (Buenos Aires) desconociéndose la terapéutica seguida en esa oportunidad. Cinco años después (2007) es ingresado nuevamente a nuestro hospital por cuadro de epistaxis cefaléa, compromiso del estado general y neutropenia febril, por lo que se inicia tratamiento antibiótico, además de estudio con mielograma confirmándose el diagnóstico de leucemia linfocítica aguda. Cinco días después de su ingreso expulsa espontáneamente, desde las fosas nasales material granulomatoso el cual fue enviado a estudio micológico (examen directo y cultivo), detectándose alta presencia de Aspergillus parasiticus en ambos exámenes, lo cual fue ratificado por histopatología como una aspergilosis sinusal no invasiva. El paciente fue remitido a la Sala de Inmunodeprimidos donde recibió tratamiento intravenoso con 350 mg/día de anfotericina B-complejo lipídico y terapia específica para LLA. Presentó una evolución tórpida y al 12º día el paciente falleció por su mal estado general y progresión terminal de su enfermedad de base.

This present paper is meant to reveal the clinical case of an immunesuppressed boy having been previously in a hospital, when he was 6, showing multiple symptoms and signs (polyadenopaties, malnutrition, buccal sepsis and pulmonary focus, in addition to pancitopia). He stayed under intermediate therapy for 38 day being submitted to varied antibiotic schemes, though yielding no satisfactory responses to them. Later on he was derived to the Hospital Ricardo Gutiérrez (Buenos Aires), yet therapeutics used at that place being unknown. Five years later (2007), he is admitted again in our hospital because of cephalea epistaxis, a compromised health condition and fevered neutropenia, so he is given an antibiotic treatment in addition to a mielographic studyyet it is confirmed the diagnosis of an acute lymphocytic leukemia. Five days after his admittance, he discharges granulomatous matter from his nasal cavities which was sent for a mycological study. Direct exam and culture, detecting high presence of Aspergillus parasiticus on both exams which was ratified by histopathology as a non invasive sinusal aspergillosis. The patient was sent to the Immunedepressed Ward where he received intravenous treatment with 350mg/day anfotericina Blipidic complex and a specific therapy for LLA. He had a torpid evolution and on the 12nd day the patient died as a result of his very bad health condition as well as the terminal progression of his base disease.

Especies de Fusarium como agentes de queratitis micóticas en adultos en Tucumán, Argentina / Fusarium species as agents of mycotic keratitis in adults, in Tucumán, Argentina

Las queratomicosis por hongos filamentosos son una de las causas de daño en la córnea en los países de climas tropicales y subtropicales y se consideran dentro de las micosis de difícil tratamiento. El presente estudio evalúa la etiología de las queratitis sicóticas en Tucumán (R. Argentina) para determinar su incidencia e importancia clínica regional. En un lapso de 5 años se estudiaron 48 muestras (biopsias, raspados cornéales y/o aspirados oculares) recogidas por el oftalmólogo y enviadas al laboratorio para análisis micológico. Mediante examen directo, cultivos y estudios macro y micromorfológicos se confirmó etiología micótica en 13 pacientes (27 por ciento). De ellos, se identificaron 7 cultivos como Fusarium solani complex, 4 F. oxysporum y 2 F. verticillioides. Estos hallazgos permiten profundizar el conocimiento de los agentes etiológicos locales involucrados y los factores de riesgo, dos aspectos importantes en la prevención y la terapéutica de estas micosis.

Keratomycosis caused by filamentous fungi is one of the agents of damage to the cornea in subtropical and tropical climate countries and belongs to those mycoses identified as of difficult treatment. This study evaluates the etiology of mycotic keratitis in Tucumán (R. Argentina) with the purpose of assessing its incidence and regional and clinical significance. In a 5-year period, 48 samples (biopsy, corneal scrapes and/or ocular aspiration) collected by the oculist were examined and sent to the laboratory for a mycological analysis. By means of direct exam, macro and micromorphological cultures and studies of the presence of mycotic etiology in 13 patients (27 por ciento) was confirmed. Among them 7 cultures such as a Fusarium solani complex, 4 F. oxysporum and 2 F. verticillioides were identified. These findings allow to enlarge the knowledge of the local etiological agents involved as well as the risk factors, two elements that are significant in the prevention and therapeutics of these mycoses.

Zigomicosis cutánea primaria por Rhyzopus oryzae en una niña con leucemia linfoblástica aguda tipo B / Primary cutaneous zygomycosis by Rhyzopus oryzae in a girl diagnosed with an acute lymphoblastic leukemia B type

La Zigomicosis es una infección infrecuente causada por hongos oportunistas integrantes del orden Mucorales, que se presenta en pacientes de alto riego como en: leucemia, linfomas con neutropenia prolongada, cetoacidosis diabética, malnutrición severa, ruptura de la integridad de la barrera cutánea y terapia inmunosupresora. Se presenta un caso de Zigomicosis cutánea en una paciente pediátrica con leucemia linfoblástica aguda de tipo B, con severa neutropenia y tratamiento con corticoides. A los cinco días de su hospitalización desarrolló en el antebrazo (zona de punción venosa), una lesión indurada, eritematosa, que progresó y ulceró. A partir de exudados y biopsias del tejido subcutáneo se realizaron exámenes microscópicos directos con KOH, cultivos en agar Sabouraud y estudio histológico a través de técnicas convencionales de hematoxilinaeosina y PAS. Los análisis de los materiales clínicos revelaron la presencia de hifas hialinas, no tabicadas, gruesas, compatibles con un Zygomycete. En todos los tubos se obtuvo abundante desarrollo de un hongo filamentoso, identificado como Rhizopus oryzae. Posteriormente a la escisión quirúrgica y tratamiento con anfotericina B se obtuvo una evolución favorable del paciente hasta el presente.

Zygomycosis is an infrequent infection caused by opportunistic fungi which belong to the order Mucorales and which is present in high risk patients diagnosed with : leukemia, lymphomas with prolonged neutropenia, diabetic cetoacidosis, severe malnutrition, rupture of the entire cutaneous barrier and immunesuppressing therapy. This paper deals with a case of cutaneous Zygomycosis in a pediatric patient diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia B type, suffering a severe neutropenia and corticosteroid treatment. On the fifth day of hospitalization, her forearm (venous puncture zone) showed an indured, erimatose lesion which progressed and ulcerated. Collection of exudates and biopsies of subcutaneous tissue served to carry out direct microsco-pic examinations with KOH, cultures in Sabouraud Agar and a histologic study through conventional hematoxilin-eosin and PAS techniques. Analyses of the clinical materials revealed the presence of hyaline, not septated and broad hyphae suitable to a Zygomycete. In all the tubes there was an abundant development of filamentous fungus identified as Rhizopus oryzae. After the surgical scission and treatment with anfotericine B, the patient showed a favorable evolution up to now.

Impacto de la dieta sobre la proteinuria en pacientes con nefropatía secuelar por sindrome urémico hemolítico (D+) / Impact of the diet on proteinuria in patients with sequelae nephorapathy due t o Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (D+)

El sindrome Urémico Hemolítico D+ (SUH) es la segunda causa de insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRCT) en edad pediátrica. La proteinuria es el principal modulador de la evolución a la cronicidad. En un grupo de pacientes tratados con dieta controlada en proteínas e inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de la Angiotensina II se demostró un enlentecimiento significativo en la progresión de la nefropatía a la IRCT. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar, en una primera etapa, el impacto de la dieta normoproteica y normosódica sobre la proteinuria en pacientes con nefropatía secuelar por SUH y función renal normal (CI Cr >80ml/min/1.73m2). Métodos: como parte de un estudio de fase III longitudinal, multicéntrico, aleatorizado, doble ciego, de grupos paralelos (placebo y activo controlado con enalpril y losartan), se evaluó la diferencia entre la proteinuria antes y después de una dieta normósódica y mormoprotica, indicada según RDA. La ingesta proteica fue estimada mediante recordtorio de 72 horas y el cálculo de excreción de urea en orina de 24 horas. La proteinuria se dosó en orina de 24 hs. al comienzo del estudio, a los 30 y 60 días. Resultados: se incluyeron 102 pacientes cuyo rango de proteinuria fue entre 5.3 y 40.0 mg/kg/día de los cuales negativizaron 65 (63.7 por ciento) y no respondieron 37 (36,3 por ciento ). La mediana de edad del comienzo de la enfermedad fue de 16,5 meses (rango: 7.0-85.0 meses). El tiempo de evolución post SUG fue de 4.0 a 155.0 meses (mediana 48.0 meses) El valor de la proteinuria inicial en los 65 niños que respondieron fue de x 9.83 mg/kg/día (ES 0 o,34) y post dieta de de x =2,44 (ES 0 0,12) P < 0.0001. La media de las diferencias entre la natriuresis pre y post dieta no fue estadísticamente diferente de 0; t = 0,97 (x /ES). Conclusión: la dieta normoproteica es capaz de normalizar la proteinuria en el 63.7 por ciento de los pacientes con proteinuria significativa secundaria a SUH y función renal normal.

Observations on the ultrastructure of a rat mammary gland treated with harmal and borage

It had been indentified by histological, histochemical and morphometrical studies that peganum harmala is a mammogenic herb and borage officinalis is a lactogenic one. To complete our investigation about these two herbs, we performed electron microscopical study. Rats were grouped according to their physiological status into three groups. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups: one control and two experimental. The two experimental groups were treated daily; the 1[st] one with an aqueous extract of peganum harmala seeds and the 2[nd] with an aqueous extract of borage officinalis flowers. After two weeks of treatment, mammary glands were employed for electron microscopical study. In virgin rats, the epithelial and myoepithelial cells were partially differentiated when harmal was given and completely differentiated when borage was given. In pregnant rats, harmal and borage optimize mammary parenchymal growth and induce lactation when these herbs were given. In lactating rats, these herbs exhibited a picture similar to control lactating group but the budding of lipid droplets and the swelling of secretary vesicles were markedly increased. Both harmal and borage stimulate the release of prolactin and induce galactogenesis during pregnancy and promote it during lactation

Subcutaneous pancreatic transplantation shows success in the treatment of experimentally induced diabetes mellitus in golden hamsters

To evaluate subcutaneous pancreatic transplantation in an experimentally induced diabetes mellitus in golden hamsters. Many indexes [histological /using two stains, histochemical /using three enzymes, morphometrical and biochemical /blood glucose level] were employed in this assessment. Alloxan was used as beta-cytotoxic therapy [to induce diabetes mellitus], and cyclophosphamide was employed as immunosuppressive agent. High rate of success of transplantation [clearly evident by microscopical features of viable endocrine and exocrine tissue of transplanted pancreas and great tissue vascularization, normal enzymatic activities and significant lowering of blood glucose level] were elicited. Subcutaneous pancreatic transplantation should be thank about in treatment of diabetes mellitus

Elucidation of a role for the aqueous extract of borage in mammary gland growth and development

Herbal remedies are used in induction of lactation. In view of that .Borage Officinalis was employed to ensure an abundant milk supply or rectify milk insufficiency .However, this remedy has not been scientifically tested .The animals were treated with the aqueous extract of Borage Officinalis flowers at a daily concentration of 100 mg / kg body weight /ml for each rat through Oro-gastric tube for 14 days. Animals were subdivided into subgroups according to their physiological status. Mammary glands of these animals were processed for histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. Parameters indicated that the aqueous extract of Borage Officinalis flowers induced lactogenesis in the mammmary glands of virgin and pregnant rats and promoted lactation when had given to lactating rats. Borage Officinalis is a lactogenic herb

Immunological effect of polysaccharide extracted from pseudomonas aeruginosa against leishmania donovani in mice

Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious disease with high pathoogenicity. It was noticed that Polysaccharide extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the ability to induce both cellular and humoral immunity response against bacteria, fungi and parasites. Ill. The aim of this study was to know the immunological effects of polysaccharide extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa before and after the infection of BALB/c mice with Leishmania donovani in trial to provide a method for prevention of the disease in human. 174 male BALB/c mice were divided into control and experimental groups with each group consisting of six animals. The experimental groups injected intraperitoneally [i.p] with 0.2 ml phosphate buffer saline [PBS] containing 1x108 parasite. Cerdain groups were injected intraperitoneally by polysaccharide [PS] at doses of 100, 150, 250 jug on day 3, 6, and daily for 6 days before infection with Leishmania donovani. These animals were sacrified after 8 weeks. Other groups were injected intraperitoneally with polysaccharides on day 7 post infection at the doses of 100, 150, 250, micro, 6 animals were sacrified after 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks. Total and differential count of leukocytes, measurement of spleen and liver weight and index, measurement of cellular immune response, histopathological changes liver and spleen were carried out. This study showed an increase in the total count of leukocyte accompanied by an increase in lymphocyte with decrease in monocyte percent in mice treated with polysaccharide before and after infection with Leishmania donovani which were statistically significant. Reduction in liver and spleen weights and their index in all treated groups was noticed before and after infection. The cellular immune response represented by delayed hypersensitivity has been enhanced in the mice treated with polysaccharide before and after infection. In treated groups, histopathological studies of mice showed hepatocyte hypertrophy, infiltration of the inflammatory cells in liver before and after infection. In spleen showed an increase in lymphocytes and monocytes in red pulp, while the infected mice [non treated] showed a necrotic foci, loss of architecture of both liver and spleen and obvious granulomatous inflammation in liver. Polysaccharidde extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced immunological activity by activation of cell mediated responses, stimulated an increase in WBC count and lymphocytes with minor histoptholgical changes in liver and spleen

Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and serological prospective study of H. pylori induced chronic gastritis

H.pylori infection is the major cause of non-autoimmune chronic gastritis. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that H.pylori could have a crucial role in the induction and/or maintenance of autoimmunity at the gastric level. Assess the role of H.pylori in the development of the histopathological features, antral G-cells changes, and induction of gastric autoimmune reaction in chronic gastritis. From each one of eighty dyspeptic patients, multiple endoscopical gastric biopsies from antral and body mucosa, and blood sample were collected. The gastric antral and body mucosa biopsies were processed separately and stained by routine [H and E stain], Giemsa stain, and modified triple Genta stains for histopathological examination according to the updated Sydney System. Further sections from antral biopsies were stained by polyclonal antigastrin antibody immunohistochemical stain for immunohistochemical examination. The blood examined serologically by indirect IF- and ELISA- tests to assess the PCA and anti-H.pylori [IgG] respectively. In antral and body mucosa, the density of H.pylori colonization had significant positive correlation with the grade of both chronic inflammation and PMN activity [P<0.05], but it had no significant correlation with the grade of glandular atrophy [P>0.05]. The mean number of antral G-cells in H.pylori positive instances had no significant difference with H.pylori negative ones [P.0.05]. The rate of anti-H.pylori [IgG] in patients with positive PCA statistically was significantly higher than those in patients with negative PCA [P<0.05]. H.pylori is the commonest cause of chronic gastritis. It plays an important role in the development of its histopathological features. It had no effect on the number of antral G-cells. It plays an important role in the development of gastric autoimmune reaction during its chronic infection that leads eventually to autoimmune chronic gastritis

effect of the aqueous extract of peganum harmala seeds on the mammary glands of virgin, pregnant, and lactating rats

Penganum harmala is a well known herb that is used by different societies. It is used as a medical herb in treating various diseases and disorders .There was no earlier published work on the effects of the aqueous extract of Penganum harmala. Therefore, we designed this study to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Penganum harmala seeds on the mammary gland at the various physiological states [virgin, pregnancy and lactation] making use of the available histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical means. Aqueous extract of Penganum harmala was given for two weeks by an orogastric tube on single regular daily dosage to Norway albino female rats. Animals were subdivided into subgroups according to their physiological states. Mammary glands of these animals were routinely processed for histological, immunohistochemical and histochemical studies using formalin fixative, paraffin embedded sections in the first two studies and formal calcium, frozen sections in the third study. Experimental specimens were compared with that of control subgroups. Harmal induced mammogenesis in the mammary glands of virgin rats. It's aqueous extract was able to initiate lactogenesis in a well-prepared mammary gland [i. e. during pregnancy] and finally this aqueous extract promotes lactogenesis when administrated during lactation. Penganum harmala is a mmammogenic herb

Enseñar y evaluar la micología: reflexiones y propuesta de innovación educativa / Teaching and to evaluate the Mycology: reflections and proposal of educative innovation

Se plantea una estrategia de enseñanza que implica el desarrollo en secuencia de un plan de actividades complementarias entre si y se describe una propuesta de evaluación de las competencias de los estudiantes de Micología de la carrera de Bioquímica, basada en el estudio de casos, observación directa del desempeño estudiantil, evaluación de la ejecución yt del resultado, lo que acerca al alumno a la práctica del ejercicio profesional en la que la teoría se relaciona directamente con los problemas prácticos, sin que se separen "conocer" y "hacer".